Commerce - XII

Paper I - Theory (80 Marks)

1. Business Environment

• Concept and Importance: Meaning, features, and importance of the business environment; environmental scanning.
• Dimensions of Business Environment: Micro (internal and external factors) and Macro (economic, social, technological, political, legal) environments.
• SWOT Analysis: Understanding of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

2. Financing

• Capital:
  • Sources of finance for sole traders, partnerships, and joint stock companies.
  • Financial planning: meaning, importance, factors affecting capital structure.
  • Fixed and Working Capital: Meaning, types, factors affecting, and a comparison of fixed vs. working capital.
• Sources of Finance for Joint Stock Companies:
  • Equity and Preference Shares: Types, features, advantages, disadvantages, and distinctions.
  • Bonus Shares, Rights Issue, ESOP, and Sweat Equity Shares: Meanings and distinctions.
  • Loan Capital (Debentures): Types, advantages, disadvantages, and comparison with shares.
  • Other Sources: Loans from banks and financial institutions, short-term sources like trade credit, factoring, and customer advances.
• Banking - Latest Trends:
  • Online services: RTGS, NEFT, IMPS, online demand drafts.
  • e-Banking, mobile banking, UPI, e-wallets, debit vs. credit cards, and ATM.

3. Management

• Definition and Nature:
  • Management as an activity, group, discipline, and process; objectives and characteristics.
  • Nature of management as a science, art, and profession.
• Principles of Management:
  • Need for principles of management, Taylor’s scientific principles, and Fayol’s principles. Comparison and relevance in modern business.
• Functions of Management:
  • Planning: Steps, importance, types (objectives, policy, procedures, rule, budget, strategy).
  • Organizing: Importance, structure (functional and divisional), delegation, decentralization vs. centralization.
  • Staffing: Recruitment and selection processes, types of training.
  • Directing: Supervision, motivation (Maslow’s theory), leadership, communication, barriers to communication.
  • Controlling: Steps, importance, and relationship with planning.
  • Coordination: Coordination as an essence of management.

4. Marketing

• Concept and Functions:
  • Traditional vs. modern marketing concepts, comparison with selling, objectives, and importance.
  • Functions include product development, pricing, distribution, and promotion.
• Marketing Mix:
  • Product Mix: Types of goods and services, branding, labeling, and packaging.
  • Price Mix: Factors determining price.
  • Place Mix: Distribution channels and their choices.
  • Promotion Mix: Advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, and publicity.
• Consumer Protection:
  • Consumer rights, responsibilities, and methods of protection (self-help, legislative measures).
  • Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Rights of consumers, updated jurisdiction levels, and differences from the 1986 Act.

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Paper II - Project Work (20 Marks)

Students must complete two projects, each worth 10 marks, assessed on:

• Overall Format: 1 mark
• Content: 4 marks
• Findings: 2 marks
• Viva-voce: 3 marks

Suggested Project Topics

1. Compare marketing strategies in two companies from the same industry.
2. Analyze consumer court cases to understand consumer rights and redressal mechanisms.
3. Study procedures and services offered by a commercial bank for savings account holders.
4. Compare fixed deposit interest rates across five banks.
5. Invest in stocks of SENSEX-listed companies, track their performance, and analyze the returns.
6. Track stock movements of NIFTY and SENSEX companies over a week.
7. Compare recruitment and selection procedures in two companies within the same industry.
8. Create a capital plan for a hypothetical business and justify it.
9. Study organizational structures in two companies, focusing on hierarchy, centralization, communication flow, and span of control.
10. Perform a SWOT analysis of a selected business and present it in a tabular format.

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This syllabus provides a comprehensive foundation in commerce, focusing on the business environment, financing, management, marketing, and consumer protection, preparing students for real-world business scenarios.